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Godalming, Surrey: Bramley Books, Garrison F H. An Introduction to the History of Medicine. Schreiber W, Mathys FK. Infectio: Infectious Diseases in the History of Medicine. Basle: F. Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague, or may develop from untreated bubonic plague.
This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery mucous. Pneumonic plague may develop from inhaling infectious droplets or may develop from untreated bubonic or septicemic plague after the bacteria spread to the lungs.
The pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock. Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and is the only form of plague that can be spread from person to person by infectious droplets. Medical personnel and caregivers must take strict precautions to avoid getting or spreading plague. Plague can lead to gangrene if blood vessels in your fingers and toes disrupt blood flow and cause death to tissue. In rare cases, plague can cause meningitis, an inflammation of membranes that surround your spinal cord and brain.
Keeping the rodent population under control in your home, workplace, and recreation areas can greatly reduce your risk of getting the bacteria that causes plague. Keep your home free from stacks of cluttered firewood or piles of rock, brush, or other debris that could attract rodents. Protect your pets from fleas using flea control products. Pets that roam freely outdoors may be more likely to come into contact with plague-infected fleas or animals.
If you live in an area where the plague is known to occur, the CDC recommends not allowing pets that roam freely outside to sleep in your bed. If your pet becomes sick, seek care from a veterinarian right away.
Use insect repellent products or natural insect repellants like oil of lemon eucalyptus when spending time outdoors. If you have been exposed to fleas during a plague outbreak, visit your doctor immediately so your concerns can be addressed quickly.
Epidemics of plague killed millions of people about one-quarter of the population in Europe during the Middle Ages. Today the risk of developing plague is quite low, with only 3, cases and deaths reported to the World Health Organization WHO from to Outbreaks are generally associated with infested rats and fleas in the home. Crowded living conditions and bad sanitation also increase the risk of plague. Today, most human cases of the plague occur in Africa though they do appear elsewhere.
The countries in which the plague is most common are Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Peru. The plague is rare in the United States, but the disease is still sometimes found in the rural southwest and, in particular, in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The last epidemic of plague in the United States occurred in to in Los Angeles.
In the United States, reported cases average seven per year. Most have been in the form of the bubonic plague. Learn how to lower your risk of getting this potentially life-threatening…. Feeding your body certain foods, such as citrus, turmeric, and ginger, may help keep your immune system strong. It's named after the swollen lymph nodes buboes that typically develop in the first week after you become infected.
Buboes may be:. Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply in your bloodstream. Signs and symptoms include:. Pneumonic plague affects the lungs. It's the least common variety of plague but the most dangerous, because it can be spread from person to person via cough droplets. Signs and symptoms can begin within a few hours after infection, and may include:. Pneumonic plague progresses rapidly and may cause respiratory failure and shock within two days of infection.
Pneumonic plague needs to be treated with antibiotics within a day after signs and symptoms first appear, or the infection is likely to be fatal. If you begin to feel ill and have been in an area where plague has been known to occur, seek immediate medical attention.
You'll need treatment with medication to prevent serious complications or death. In the United States, plague has been transmitted to humans in several western and southwestern states — primarily New Mexico, Arizona, California and Colorado. Worldwide, plague is most common in rural and semirural parts of Africa especially the African island of Madagascar , South America and Asia.
The plague bacteria, Yersinia pestis, is transmitted to humans through the bites of fleas that have previously fed on infected animals, such as:.
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