Gundry, MD. Single On Purpose: Redefine Everything. Find Yourself First. John Kim. Shin Yean. Ezza Shadzrina. Hani Zairi.
Aboleh Inc at Aboleh Inc. Muhammad Syahmi Danial. Syazwi Naeim. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Why human are complex organism 1. Enabling contains genetic information information to be transfer from the father. Total views 39, On Slideshare 0. From embeds 0.
Number of embeds Downloads Shares 0. The more complex the brain of a species, the more flexible its behavioral repertory is. Differences in the behavior of individuals arise partly from inherited predispositions and partly from differences in their experiences.
There is continuing scientific study of the relative roles of inheritance and learning, but it is already clear that behavior results from the interaction of those roles, not just a simple sum of the two. The apparently unique human ability to transmit ideas and practices from one generation to the next, and to invent new ones, has resulted in the virtually unlimited variations in ideas and behavior that are associated with different cultures.
Learning muscle skills occurs mostly through practice. If a person uses the same muscles again and again in much the same way throwing a ball , the pattern of movement may become automatic and no longer require any conscious attention.
The level of skill eventually attained depends on an individual's innate abilities, on the amount of practice, and on the feedback of information and reward.
With enough practice, long sequences of behaviors can become virtually automatic driving a car along a familiar route, for instance. In this case, a person does not have to concentrate on the details of coordinating sight and muscle movements and can also engage in, say, conversation at the same time. In an emergency, full attention can rapidly be focused back on the unusual demands of the task.
Learning usually begins with the sensory systems through which people receive information about their bodies and the physical and social world around them. The way each person perceives or experiences this information depends not only on the stimulus itself but also on the physical context in which the stimulus occurs and on numerous physical, psychological, and social factors in the beholder. The senses do not give people a mirror image of the world but respond selectively to a certain range of stimuli.
The eye, for example, is sensitive to only a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum. Furthermore, the senses selectively filter and code information, giving some stimuli more importance, as when a sleeping parent hears a crying baby, and others less importance, as when a person adapts to and no longer notices an unpleasant odor. Experiences, expectations, motivations, and emotional levels can all affect perceptions.
Much of learning appears to occur by association: If two inputs arrive at the brain at approximately the same time, they are likely to become linked in memory, and one perception will lead to an expectation of the other. Actions as well as perceptions can be associated. At the simplest possible level, behavior that is accompanied or followed by pleasant sensations is likely to occur again, whereas behavior followed by unpleasant sensations is less likely to occur again.
Behavior that has pleasant or unpleasant consequences only under special conditions will become more or less likely when those special conditions occur. The strength of learning usually depends on how close the inputs are matched in time and on how often they occur together. However, there can be some subtle effects. For example, a single, highly unpleasant event following a particular behavior may result in the behavior being avoided ever after.
On the other hand, rewarding a particular behavior even only every now and then may result in very persistent behavior. But much of learning is not so mechanical. People tend to learn much from deliberate imitation of others. Nor is all learning merely adding new information or behaviors. Human thinking involves the interaction of ideas, and ideas about ideas, and thus can produce many associations internally without further sensory input.
People's ideas can affect learning by changing how they interpret new perceptions and ideas: People are inclined to respond to, or seek, information that supports the ideas they already have and on the other hand to overlook or ignore information that is inconsistent with the ideas. If the conflicting information is not overlooked or ignored, it may provoke a reorganization of thinking that makes sense of the new information, as well as of all previous information.
Successive reorganizations of one part or another of people's ideas usually result from being confronted by new information or circumstances. Such reorganization is essential to the process of human maturation and can continue throughout life. To stay in good operating condition, the human body requires a variety of foods and experiences. The amount of food energy calories a person requires varies with body size, age, sex, activity level, and metabolic rate.
The normal condition of most body systems requires that they perform their adaptive function: For example, muscles must effect movement, bones must bear loads, and the heart must pump blood efficiently. Good health also depends on the avoidance of excessive exposure to substances that interfere with the body's operation. Chief among those that each individual can control are tobacco implicated in lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease , addictive drugs implicated in psychic disorientation and nervous-system disorders , and excessive amounts of alcohol which has negative effects on the liver, brain, and heart.
In addition, the environment may contain dangerous levels of substances such as lead, some pesticides, and radioactive isotopes that can be harmful to humans. Therefore, the good health of individuals also depends on people's collective effort to monitor the air, soil, and water and to take steps to keep them safe.
Other organisms also can interfere with the human body's normal operation. Some kinds of bacteria or fungi may infect the body to form colonies in preferred organs or tissues. Viruses invade healthy cells and cause them to synthesize more viruses, usually killing those cells in the process.
Infectious disease also may be caused by animal parasites, which may take up residence in the intestines, bloodstream, or tissues. The body's own first line of defense against infectious agents is to keep them from entering or settling in the body. Protective mechanisms include skin to block them, tears and saliva to carry them out, and stomach and vaginal secretions to kill them.
Related means of protecting against invasive organisms include keeping the skin clean, eating properly, avoiding contaminated foods and liquids, and generally avoiding needless exposure to disease.
The body's next line of defense is the immune system. White blood cells act both to surround invaders and to produce specific antibodies that will attack them or facilitate attack by other white cells. For years afterward, or even a lifetime, the immune system will be ready for that type of organism and be able to limit or prevent the disease. A person can "catch a cold" many times because there are many varieties of germs that cause similar symptoms. Allergic reactions are caused by unusually strong immune responses to some environmental substances, such as those found in pollen, on animal hair, or in certain foods.
Sometimes the human immune system can malfunction and attack even healthy cells. Some viral diseases, such as AIDS, destroy critical cells of the immune system, leaving the body helpless in dealing with multiple infectious agents and cancerous cells. Infectious diseases are not the only threat to human health, however. Body parts or systems may develop impaired function for entirely internal reasons.
Some faulty operations of body processes are known to be caused by deviant genes. They may have a direct, obvious effect, such as causing easy bleeding, or they may only increase the body's susceptibility to developing particular diseases, such as clogged arteries or mental depression.
Such genes may be inherited, or they may result from mutation in one cell or a few cells during an individual's own development. Because one properly functioning gene of a pair may be sufficient to perform the gene's function, many genetic diseases do not appear unless a faulty form of the gene is inherited from both parents who, for the same reason, may have had no symptoms of the disease themselves.
The fact that most people now live in physical and social settings that are very different from those to which human physiology was adapted long ago is a factor in determining the health of the population in general. One modern "abnormality" in industrialized countries is diet, which once included chiefly raw plant and animal materials but now includes excess amounts of refined sugar, saturated fat, and salt, as well as caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs.
Lack of exercise is another change from the much more active life-style of prehistory. There are also environmental pollutants and the psychological stress of living in a crowded, hectic, and rapidly changing social environment.
Contracts and relaxes to move parts of the body. There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Epithelial Tissue The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body.
Epithelial tissue serve as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the body's organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body's organs. Connective Tissue There are many types of connective tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue.
Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue.
In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body.
Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body. Organs Organs are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose.
There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world.
Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. In addition to providing support for the skin, the dermis has many other purposes. The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the skin. And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you 'Goosebumps' when you get cold or frightened. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue.
0コメント